Ada95 Reference Manual

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Foreword: Information about this standard
Introduction: Introduction to the standard
1: General
2: Lexical Elements
3: Declarations and Types
4: Names and Expressions
5: Statements
6: Subprograms
7: Packages
8: Visibility Rules
9: Tasks and Synchronization
10: Program Structure and Compilation Issues
11: Exceptions
12: Generic Units
13: Representation Issues
ANNEXES
A: Predefined Language Environment
B: Interface to Other Languages
C: Systems Programming
D: Real-Time Systems
E: Distributed Systems
F: Information Systems
G: Numerics
H: Safety and Security
J: Obsolescent Features
K: Language-Defined Attributes
L: Language-Defined Pragmas
M: Implementation-Defined Characteristics
N: Glossary
P: Syntax Summary
Index:
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
Foreword:
Introduction:
Design Goals:
Language Summary:
Program Units:
Declarations and Statements:
Data Types:
Other Facilities:
Language Changes:
Instructions for Comment Submission:
Acknowledgements:
1: General
1.1: Scope
1.1.1: Extent
1.1.2: Structure
1.1.3: Conformity of an Implementation with the Standard
1.1.4: Method of Description and Syntax Notation
1.1.5: Classification of Errors
1.2: Normative References
1.3: Definitions
2: Lexical Elements
2.1: Character Set
2.2: Lexical Elements, Separators, and Delimiters
2.3: Identifiers
2.4: Numeric Literals
2.4.1: Decimal Literals
2.4.2: Based Literals
2.5: Character Literals
2.6: String Literals
2.7: Comments
2.8: Pragmas
2.9: Reserved Words
3: Declarations and Types
3.1: Declarations
3.2: Types and Subtypes
3.2.1: Type Declarations
3.2.2: Subtype Declarations
3.2.3: Classification of Operations
3.3: Objects and Named Numbers
3.3.1: Object Declarations
3.3.2: Number Declarations
3.4: Derived Types and Classes
3.4.1: Derivation Classes
3.5: Scalar Types
3.5.1: Enumeration Types
3.5.2: Character Types
3.5.3: Boolean Types
3.5.4: Integer Types
3.5.5: Operations of Discrete Types
3.5.6: Real Types
3.5.7: Floating Point Types
3.5.8: Operations of Floating Point Types
3.5.9: Fixed Point Types
3.5.10: Operations of Fixed Point Types
3.6: Array Types
3.6.1: Index Constraints and Discrete Ranges
3.6.2: Operations of Array Types
3.6.3: String Types
3.7: Discriminants
3.7.1: Discriminant Constraints
3.7.2: Operations of Discriminated Types
3.8: Record Types
3.8.1: Variant Parts and Discrete Choices
3.9: Tagged Types and Type Extensions
3.9.1: Type Extensions
3.9.2: Dispatching Operations of Tagged Types
3.9.3: Abstract Types and Subprograms
3.10: Access Types
3.10.1: Incomplete Type Declarations
3.10.2: Operations of Access Types
3.11: Declarative Parts
3.11.1: Completions of Declarations
4: Names and Expressions
4.1: Names
4.1.1: Indexed Components
4.1.2: Slices
4.1.3: Selected Components
4.1.4: Attributes
4.2: Literals
4.3: Aggregates
4.3.1: Record Aggregates
4.3.2: Extension Aggregates
4.3.3: Array Aggregates
4.4: Expressions
4.5: Operators and Expression Evaluation
4.5.1: Logical Operators and Short-circuit Control Forms
4.5.2: Relational Operators and Membership Tests
4.5.3: Binary Adding Operators
4.5.4: Unary Adding Operators
4.5.5: Multiplying Operators
4.5.6: Highest Precedence Operators
4.6: Type Conversions
4.7: Qualified Expressions
4.8: Allocators
4.9: Static Expressions and Static Subtypes
4.9.1: Statically Matching Constraints and Subtypes
5: Statements
5.1: Simple and Compound Statements - Sequences of Statements
5.2: Assignment Statements
5.3: If Statements
5.4: Case Statements
5.5: Loop Statements
5.6: Block Statements
5.7: Exit Statements
5.8: Goto Statements
6: Subprograms
6.1: Subprogram Declarations
6.2: Formal Parameter Modes
6.3: Subprogram Bodies
6.3.1: Conformance Rules
6.3.2: Inline Expansion of Subprograms
6.4: Subprogram Calls
6.4.1: Parameter Associations
6.5: Return Statements
6.6: Overloading of Operators
7: Packages
7.1: Package Specifications and Declarations
7.2: Package Bodies
7.3: Private Types and Private Extensions
7.3.1: Private Operations
7.4: Deferred Constants
7.5: Limited Types
7.6: User-Defined Assignment and Finalization
7.6.1: Completion and Finalization
8: Visibility Rules
8.1: Declarative Region
8.2: Scope of Declarations
8.3: Visibility
8.4: Use Clauses
8.5: Renaming Declarations
8.5.1: Object Renaming Declarations
8.5.2: Exception Renaming Declarations
8.5.3: Package Renaming Declarations
8.5.4: Subprogram Renaming Declarations
8.5.5: Generic Renaming Declarations
8.6: The Context of Overload Resolution
9: Tasks and Synchronization
9.1: Task Units and Task Objects
9.2: Task Execution - Task Activation
9.3: Task Dependence - Termination of Tasks
9.4: Protected Units and Protected Objects
9.5: Intertask Communication
9.5.1: Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions
9.5.2: Entries and Accept Statements
9.5.3: Entry Calls
9.5.4: Requeue Statements
9.6: Delay Statements, Duration, and Time
9.7: Select Statements
9.7.1: Selective Accept
9.7.2: Timed Entry Calls
9.7.3: Conditional Entry Calls
9.7.4: Asynchronous Transfer of Control
9.8: Abort of a Task - Abort of a Sequence of Statements
9.9: Task and Entry Attributes
9.10: Shared Variables
9.11: Example of Tasking and Synchronization
10: Program Structure and Compilation Issues
10.1: Separate Compilation
10.1.1: Compilation Units - Library Units
10.1.2: Context Clauses - With Clauses
10.1.3: Subunits of Compilation Units
10.1.4: The Compilation Process
10.1.5: Pragmas and Program Units
10.1.6: Environment-Level Visibility Rules
10.2: Program Execution
10.2.1: Elaboration Control
11: Exceptions
11.1: Exception Declarations
11.2: Exception Handlers
11.3: Raise Statements
11.4: Exception Handling
11.4.1: The Package Exceptions
11.4.2: Example of Exception Handling
11.5: Suppressing Checks
11.6: Exceptions and Optimization
12: Generic Units
12.1: Generic Declarations
12.2: Generic Bodies
12.3: Generic Instantiation
12.4: Formal Objects
12.5: Formal Types
12.5.1: Formal Private and Derived Types
12.5.2: Formal Scalar Types
12.5.3: Formal Array Types
12.5.4: Formal Access Types
12.6: Formal Subprograms
12.7: Formal Packages
12.8: Example of a Generic Package
13: Representation Issues
13.1: Representation Items
13.2: Pragma Pack
13.3: Representation Attributes
13.4: Enumeration Representation Clauses
13.5: Record Layout
13.5.1: Record Representation Clauses
13.5.2: Storage Place Attributes
13.5.3: Bit Ordering
13.6: Change of Representation
13.7: The Package System
13.7.1: The Package System.Storage_Elements
13.7.2: The Package System.Address_To_Access_Conversions
13.8: Machine Code Insertions
13.9: Unchecked Type Conversions
13.9.1: Data Validity
13.9.2: The Valid Attribute
13.10: Unchecked Access Value Creation
13.11: Storage Management
13.11.1: The Max_Size_In_Storage_Elements Attribute
13.11.2: Unchecked Storage Deallocation
13.11.3: Pragma Controlled
13.12: Pragma Restrictions
13.13: Streams
13.13.1: The Package Streams
13.13.2: Stream-Oriented Attributes
13.14: Freezing Rules
ANNEXES
A: Predefined Language Environment
A.1: The Package Standard
A.2: The Package Ada
A.3: Character Handling
A.3.1: The Package Characters
A.3.2: The Package Characters.Handling
A.3.3: The Package Characters.Latin_1
A.4: String Handling
A.4.1: The Package Strings
A.4.2: The Package Strings.Maps
A.4.3: Fixed-Length String Handling
A.4.4: Bounded-Length String Handling
A.4.5: Unbounded-Length String Handling
A.4.6: String-Handling Sets and Mappings
A.4.7: Wide_String Handling
A.5: The Numerics Packages
A.5.1: Elementary Functions
A.5.2: Random Number Generation
A.5.3: Attributes of Floating Point Types
A.5.4: Attributes of Fixed Point Types
A.6: Input-Output
A.7: External Files and File Objects
A.8: Sequential and Direct Files
A.8.1: The Generic Package Sequential_IO
A.8.2: File Management
A.8.3: Sequential Input-Output Operations
A.8.4: The Generic Package Direct_IO
A.8.5: Direct Input-Output Operations
A.9: The Generic Package Storage_IO
A.10: Text Input-Output
A.10.1: The Package Text_IO
A.10.2: Text File Management
A.10.3: Default Input, Output, and Error Files
A.10.4: Specification of Line and Page Lengths
A.10.5: Operations on Columns, Lines, and Pages
A.10.6: Get and Put Procedures
A.10.7: Input-Output of Characters and Strings
A.10.8: Input-Output for Integer Types
A.10.9: Input-Output for Real Types
A.10.10: Input-Output for Enumeration Types
A.11: Wide Text Input-Output
A.12: Stream Input-Output
A.12.1: The Package Streams.Stream_IO
A.12.2: The Package Text_IO.Text_Streams
A.12.3: The Package Wide_Text_IO.Text_Streams
A.13: Exceptions in Input-Output
A.14: File Sharing
A.15: The Package Command_Line
B: Interface to Other Languages
B.1: Interfacing Pragmas
B.2: The Package Interfaces
B.3: Interfacing with C
B.3.1: The Package Interfaces.C.Strings
B.3.2: The Generic Package Interfaces.C.Pointers
B.4: Interfacing with COBOL
B.5: Interfacing with Fortran
C: Systems Programming
C.1: Access to Machine Operations
C.2: Required Representation Support
C.3: Interrupt Support
C.3.1: Protected Procedure Handlers
C.3.2: The Package Interrupts
C.4: Preelaboration Requirements
C.5: Pragma Discard_Names
C.6: Shared Variable Control
C.7: Task Identification and Attributes
C.7.1: The Package Task_Identification
C.7.2: The Package Task_Attributes
D: Real-Time Systems
D.1: Task Priorities
D.2: Priority Scheduling
D.2.1: The Task Dispatching Model
D.2.2: The Standard Task Dispatching Policy
D.3: Priority Ceiling Locking
D.4: Entry Queuing Policies
D.5: Dynamic Priorities
D.6: Preemptive Abort
D.7: Tasking Restrictions
D.8: Monotonic Time
D.9: Delay Accuracy
D.10: Synchronous Task Control
D.11: Asynchronous Task Control
D.12: Other Optimizations and Determinism Rules
E: Distributed Systems
E.1: Partitions
E.2: Categorization of Library Units
E.2.1: Shared Passive Library Units
E.2.2: Remote Types Library Units
E.2.3: Remote Call Int